Over the years, I have assisted so many different clients whose transactional log file has become 'too large' that I thought it would be helpful to write about it. The issue can be a system crippling problem, but can be easily avoided. Today I'll look at what causes your transaction logs to grow too large, and what you can do to curb the problem.
Note: For the purposes of today's article, I will assume that you're using SQL Server 2005 or later. Every SQL Server database has at least two files; a data file and a transaction log file.
The data file stores user and system data while the transaction log file stores all transactions and database modifications made by those transactions. As time passes, more and more database transactions occur and the transaction log needs to be maintained. If your database is in the Simple recovery mode, then the transaction log is truncated of inactive transaction after the Checkpoint process occurs.
The Checkpoint process writes all modified data pages from memory to disk. When the Checkpoint is performed, the inactive portion of the transaction log is marked as reusable. Transaction Log Backups If your database recovery model is set to Full or Bulk-Logged, then it is absolutely VITAL that you make transaction log backups to go along with your full backups. SQL Server 2005 databases are set to the Full recovery model by default, so you may need to start creating log backups even if you haven't ran into problems yet. The following query can be used to determine the recovery model of the databases on your SQL Server instance. SELECT name, recovery_model_desc.
FROM sys.databases Before going into the importance of Transactional Log Backups, I must criticize the importance of creating Full database backups. If you are not currently creating Full database backups and your database contains data that you cannot afford to lose, you absolutely need to start. Full backups are the starting point for any type of recovery process, and are critical to have in case you run into trouble. In fact, you cannot create transactional log backups without first having created a full backup at some point. The Full or Bulk-logged Recovery Mode With the Full or Bulk-Logged recovery mode, inactive transactions remain in the transaction log file until after a Checkpoint is processed and a transaction log backup is made.
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The former is much too small in this day and age, and the latter leads to longer and longer events every time (say, your log file is 500 MB, first growth is 50 MB, next growth is 55 MB, next growth is 60.5 MB, etc. - and on slow I/O, believe me, you will really notice this curve). Immediately following a reboot the paging file grows beyond the Maximum Size value specified in the Custom Size option for Virtual memory paging file settings. In some cases the pagefile.sys would grow to 10-15GB and consume all of the remaining free space of the system drive.
Note that a full backup does not remove inactive transactions from the transaction log. The transaction log backup performs a truncation of the inactive portion of the transaction log, allowing it to be reused for future transactions. This truncation does not shrink the file, it only allows the space in the file to be reused (more on file shrinking a bit later). It is these transaction log backups that keep your transaction log file from growing too large. An easy way to make consistent transaction log backups is to include them as part of your. If your database recovery model is set to FULL, and you're not creating transaction log backups and never have, you may want to consider switching your recovery mode to Simple.
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The Simple recovery mode should take care of most of your transaction log growth problems because the log truncation occurs after the Checkpoint process. You'll not be able to recover your database to a point in time using Simple, but if you weren't creating transactional log backups to begin with, restoring to a point in time wouldn't have been possible anyway. To switch your recovery model to Simple mode, issue the following statement in your database. ALTER DATABASE YourDatabaseName SET RECOVERY SIMPLE Not performing transaction log backups is probably the main cause for your transaction log growing too large.
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However, there are other situations that prevent inactive transactions from being removed even if you're creating regular log backups. The following query can be used to get an idea of what might be preventing your transaction log from being truncated. SELECT name, log_reuse_wait_desc FROM sys.databases Long-Running Active Transactions A long running transaction can prevent transaction log truncation. These types of transactions can range from transactions being blocked from completing to open transactions waiting for user input.